Conflict in The Middle East Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strife in The Middle East - Assignment Example Different western states had shifted stands with respect to the issue. In the first place, in the need to extinguish the contention, the British decreased the movement of the Jews into Palestine. Moreover, they dismissed the recommendation of a free state in Palestine. Second, the United States endorsed for the production of a free Jews state. This was in spite of the reality the Jews were just 33% of the entire Palestine populace. In any case, the United Nation mediated and parceled Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab State. Thusly, the two sides stayed unpleasant (Spielvogel p896-898). The development of Colonel Abdel Nasser as another pioneer in Egypt raised the expectations of the conceivable finish of Arab-Israel strife. Through the assistance of the United States he had the option to recover the Suez Canal which of incredible enthusiasm to the British and the French. From that point, Egypt prompted the arrangement of the Palestine Liberation Movement to join the Palestinians (Spielvogel p896-898). Understanding the current day Middle East clash empowers one to have better comprehension of the potential reasons for the beginning and disappointments to consummation the

Book Report on Roy Black Black's Law (NewY ork Touchtone, 1999) Essay

Book Report on Roy Black's Law (NewY ork Touchtone, 1999) - Essay Example In the book we read about Miami cop Luis Alvarez, who mortally shot a multi year old dark man inside a video arcade, actuating three days of revolting that left two individuals dead. Roy Black got him off. At that point there is Fred De La Mata and Steve Hicks. Hicks shot his better half to death, leaving her body in a vehicle in a bank parking area and afterward he deceived police multiple times before asserting it was a mishap. Considerably after all that Roy Black got him off. There is likewise the situation of Thomas Knight, who can apropos be portrayed as our most exceedingly terrible bad dream meet up. Roy Black got his capital punishment emptied. The Alvarez case is the best one in Black's Law, few out of every odd story ends up being a bluff holder, however generally the book demonstrates a convincing read and most likely similarly as convincing as he is in the court. Dark's very a superior legal counselor than a creator, yet he's genuinely not an amateur in the scholarly world, either. Dark starts the Alvarez story with a dash of a spine chiller, as he was driving along Interstate 95 the evening of the shooting, when he zoomed past the territory where individuals were revolting. Really close, he composes. Roy's activity as a barrier attorney can most essentially put involve offering a conceivable situation, and he does it splendidly. He figures out how to get the jury he needs for the Alvarez preliminary by inquiring as to whether they had ever confronted demise. Another fascinating perspective is Roy's extreme flame broiling of the criminologist who took Alvarez's announcement after the shooting which ends up being a defining moment for the situation. By and by the most emotional second is when Alvarez himself stands up. The instances of Fred De La Mata and Steve Hicks are less notable yet have their own amusement esteem. Dark shielded De La Mata, a broker blamed for tax evasion by separately barbecuing all observers against him who incidentally, had abundant motivation to lie. Hicks then again was a barkeep blamed for killing his better half, Betsy Turner. The state thought they had a solid case on the grounds that after the shooting, Hicks drove the perishing Turner to a bank and left her there, at that point called the police to report her missing. Dark contended that the shooting itself was a mishap and that Hicks hade froze. It is for the situation that we understand that one of Roy's numerous blessings is his capacity to clarify the unexplainable, to cause legal hearers to think anything. At that point at long last there is the narrative of Thomas Knight, who hijacked his chief and his better half after which he constrained them to pull back $50,000 in real money from their bank, after which he drove them to a field and shot them both in the rear of the neck. Knight was waiting for capital punishment a couple of days from execution when Black assumed control over his case. All things considered, the story is useless not absolutely in light of the fact that Knight is an unsympathetic character but since the interests court abandoned capital punishment for reasons that had little to do with Black's contention. Dark ought to have discovered an all the more fascinating story to wrap up his book. The book portrays the life of a criminal guard lawyer. Each case begins with essential data on the customer and finishes with an audit of the respondent's current position. The book is elegantly composed yet progressively then once Black depicts his

Business In Internet Essay

1. Is Twitter only a brilliant thought or a genuine business opportunity? Whatever degree does Twitter’s circumstance mirror the past record of its organizers? As I would like to think, I think twitter is a decent business opportunity. Like other network access, twitter has countless clients, which give a potential income establishment. At present, twitter’s need is to discover an income model to move the plentiful of clients to cash. On the off chance that twitter discovers along these lines a model, it will end up being another network access goliath on the planet. At present, Twitter’s utilitarian model isn't unique expectation of the author, William, which is an episode thought. From that point forward, the author notice that this model is appropriate with people’s needs, permitting to spread data to others continuously. The organizer has a smart thought for setting up organization however not having a smart thought to win benefit from the business. 2. A). what is Twitter’s Advantages and difficulties given it picked innovation arrangement? Initially, Twitter is anything but difficult to utilize. Twitter just spotlight on utilizing content to correspondence. Clients can undoubtedly to utilize twitter without learning or preparing. The test for the technique is that content is dull. Some of clients would feel twitter isn't attractable. Second, online stage is another preferred position for Twitter. Clients can utilize Twitter administration by getting to site from various frameworks. As I would like to think, open source stage will bring twitter an incredible potential. Clients can build up own application on Twitters as per their own advantages. Nonetheless, open source likewise has difficulties that the malevolent application can spread without appropriate oversight. B). what are the advantages and difficulties for partnerships hoping to utilize Twitter inside and remotely Advantage for inside utilizing Twitter: the correspondence among representatives or chiefs would be proficient in light of the fact that Twitter is in the nick of time correspondence stage. Chiefs can utilize Twitter to transmit their request to the particular devotees (representatives); workers additionally can report work to supervisors by utilizing a similar technique. Difficulties for inside utilizing Twitter: it is altogether different to arrange the devotees. What's more, it is likewise threat to utilize Twitter to transmit business certainty. Utilizing Twitter likewise can expand murmur or gossip spreading inside the corporates. Advantage for remotely utilizing Twitter: the clients can get new item data of the corporate on schedule, which is a decent advancement and promoting strategy. The test for remotely utilizing Twitter is that promoting impact inclusion altogether relies upon the web. 3. What has been Twitter’s showcasing way to deal with date, and is it economical? At this moment, as I would like to think, Twitter has an exceptionally basic advertising way to deal with win cash, right off the bat, utilizing copious clients to draw in funding speculators. Besides, Twitter sells â€Å"@† (Twitter name) to huge organizations or huge occasions. At present, none of twitter capacities charge individual clients. A large portion of its consumption originates from the funding. For a long haul, this methodology can't endure; in any case, the financial specialists know the capability of Twitter. Later on, Twitter will give distinction income model to procure benefit. 4. Can Twitter ever acquire benefits? Assuming this is the case, what are the most ideal ways it can adapt? As I would see it, Twitter can acquire benefits later on, on the off chance that it does that: embracing publicizing models would be a decent strategy to win cash. Also, it is important to make paid substance for clients who need to have further assistance. Thirdly, Twitter can help out distributers, work organizations, and so on gathering commission.

The Hidden Truth About Types of Term Paper Revealed

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The Beliefs that Effect Christianity Essay - 1228 Words

Christianity is a diverse religion with a multitude of beliefs that comprise the core of the religion. There are an abundant number of sects within Christianity however there are a few core principles which are generally true for all of them, for example the belief of the Holy Trinity or better known as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. This is what would be considered a primary belief. A primary belief is an idea that is a generally universal idea that is accepted by all the different sects of Christianity and must influence the secondary beliefs in the religion. For example the Holy Trinity is accepted by Roman Catholics, Protestants, Baptist, and etc. However what separates the different sects in the religion apart from one†¦show more content†¦The belief of the Father in the Trinity is to accept the principle that he created man and the Earth. Then God decided to put Man on the planet; this would make God transcendent and be beyond creation because he was th e one who created everything . The next distinction in the Christian God within the Trinity is the Son. The common belief is that Jesus began with his birth from Mary; however from further analysis of Christian doctrine someone will be able to tell that the statement is false. God has always been the Son and at some point in history God decided to join human history as the person named Jesus . Jesus was a human but because he is an entity of God but just in human form that secured that Jesus was fully divine. The evidence of this is in the Nicene Creed with the quote â€Å"one in being with the Father†. That line insists that the Son of God is completely one with God and that he was not created at a certain time but has always been God (Ludwig 420). The last characteristic of what comprises the Christian God is the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit represents the spiritual presence of God in the world. Through the Spirit, God can guide man towards the path of righteousne ss. The Spirit also unifies the Church through baptism and forgiveness, this results’ in sustaining the faithful in hope . This is the description of a Christian primary belief but how is the Trinity aShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Its Effect On The World1128 Words   |  5 PagesSince the religion of Christianity was first practiced, it has been spread to the far reaches of the world. The spread of the religion has led to some major political, social, and economic consequences. Christianity started as a small sect of Judaism and has become the most practiced religion in the world. Aided by cultural diffusion, missionaries, and war, the church expanded and more. There have been many causes for the spread of Christianity, and it has led to numerous effects. Many of these causesRead MoreRomes Contribution to Todays Society Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagescontribution to modern society was Romes adoption of Christianity. Christianity, having its foundational roots in Judaism , was born in the midst of the Roman era. It has shaped todays society on many different levels with varying degrees of legal, political and sociological implications. Christianity was an outgrowth of Judaism, one of the three major monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) practiced during the Roman era. Monotheistic beliefs established its roots as early as 800 B.C. whenRead MoreThe Edict Of Milan. Kincade Hughes1264 Words   |  6 Pagesstatement that was later published as a letter and became known as the Edict of Milan. This letter was the turning point for Christianity and a key event for its rise to becoming the leading western Religion. This essay analyzes the events that led to the Edict of Milan and the impact it had on Christians in the Roman Empire, namely the legal, cultural, and economical effects, and the long-term consequences. The Edict of Milan was a letter sent by Licinius as a consequence of meeting Constantine inRead MoreChristianity, A Form Of Religion Based On The Person And Teachings950 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity, is a form of religion based on the person and teachings , or its beliefs and practice s.1 During 205-207B.C, Christianity evolved greatly throughout the world. Many religions detested this and others embraced it. Some based their teaching s on pure science and questioned every living thing as a question to an unsolved experiment. Although some people didn t understand the being and the reason for the outcome they still believed that there s was God out there that created theirRead MoreHow Religion Can Boost Gdp By Increasing Trust Within A Society1225 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity is by far the largest religious group which is then followed closely by Islam. All over the world, Christianity seems to be growing more and more steadily. It also seems that in some cases, it a ctually boosts an economy positively. It was stated in â€Å"The Telegraph† that by the year 2030 China will become the worlds most â€Å"Christian Nation.† Even though the United States is currently the largest Christian nation in the world, it will soon become second to China. Yes so called communistRead MoreDivided Christianity: What Went Wrong 1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning of the effects of modern scientific theory and reasoning on Christian thought and beliefs. Scientific theories like Darwinism had great impacts on the churches leading to many of the Christians starting to question some of the beliefs and values they once held . These theories led to a mass move of initial Christians from the regular and traditional observance of religion and belief in Christian teachings, to secularism and a belief in a ‘personal god’ . As the radical effects of scientificRead MoreIndigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Torres Strait Islander peoples. In particular, the issue of dispossession from land and/or culture will be analysed, as well as the effect of Christianity. As a result, it will be argued that Christianity was generally an oppressive force for Aboriginal peoples, whereas for Torres Strait Islanders, Christianity was easily integrated with traditional beliefs. My introduction Colonisation has profoundly impacted the indigenous people of countries all around the world, and although the experiencesRead MoreFrederick Douglass is Recognized as an Implausible Abolitionist707 Words   |  3 PagesWhen slavery had become societal, Christianity was the preeminent religion in America. Frederick Douglass is recognized as an implausible abolitionist. He has worked incredibly hard to abolish slavery and everything it stood for. He portrays the ways religion and its literature had a repugnant effect on slavery and the slave owners. Christianity had more of a jaundiced effect on the slave owners than it did unmitigated. Throughout the novel we find that Frederick’s friends were all religiousRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism and Christianity814 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences of cultural globalization. It is generally acknowledged that Buddhism and Christianity are ancient and global religions; however, whether the belief in Buddhism is credible or n ot, has sparked spirited debate. The Christian believes the Buddha is a â€Å"shadow†, and he is not to be believed. Actually, there are some similarities in terms of histories, main figures, and beliefs between Buddhism and Christianity. In order to solve sources of conflict, the Buddhists and the Christians should understandRead MoreDifferences Between Christianity And Buddhism1636 Words   |  7 Pagesthat will be discussed in this paper; Christianity and Buddhism will be the faiths in focus along with the effects on the concept of worldview. Common Components and Health Care Christianity. â€Å"For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him† Colossians 1:16 (King James Bible Online). Christianity is a monotheistic religion, meaning

My Experience At The Dubai Campus Of The Institute

My curiosity in the engineering stream took roots during my formative years as my family has been associated with this field for over two decades. My maternal grandfather retired as a Chief Engineer, my father is employed as Senior Foreman, Aramco and uncle, as an Executive Engineer. Their achievements in respective domains motivated me to pursue my career in a challenging field and persuaded me to study Mechanical engineering; the field of my choice at my under graduate level. Sterling performance in my senior secondary exams (93.6% tenth grade and 80.2% twelfth grade) enabled me to pursue my studies at Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, a premier institute ranked amongst the top ten in India. I selected to study at the Dubai campus of the institute as I felt that the global exposure that I would gain from there would be of immense importance to me. I completed the course B.E (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering in 2013 and was awarded CGPA of 7.77/10. I now aspire to do Master’s Program in Industrial Engineering. During my under graduate course, my firm grasp of basic sciences such as physics, mathematics, chemistry and mechanics etc. facilitated me immensely to appreciate fundamentals of variety of subjects covered in the curriculum. I gained knowledge in subjects like Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Production Techniques and Machine Design. I focused more on learning about Product Design, Manufacturing Engineering, and Design forShow MoreRelatedStudent Learning At The University College Institute Of Education Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages(EdD) at the University College Institute of Education. I have been working on Business Schools for the last 16 years, and I have been privileged to do it from two sides: the managerial and the academic, with an approximate balance of 80% - 20% as an average during my career. Thanks to this, I have been able to understand in full the complexity of student learning, the need for systems to assure the quality and standards, the multifaceted students experience regarding both, services and learningRead MoreUsing Mathematical Manipulation Of Signals For Communication And Feedback Control Systems1052 Words   |  5 PagesInternet. With my first hotmail email id, I struck up a friendship with a netizen from Dalian. I learned about his culture, his family, and his country. I was truly mesmerized by what the Internet could enable! Later on in school, I learned C++, communication theory, and Internet basics, thus sparking my interest in making a mark in the field of communication. I excelled at academics and topped my class in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, with an aggregate of 96%. In keeping with my marked inclinationRead MoreDubais Political and Economic Development: Essay38738 Words   |  155 PagesIslamic Factors Regional Ovemiew and Historical Background Dubais Development History I1 PI1 Explaining Dubai9sDevelopment Outcome Why Not Other Gulf States? Dubai versus the Development Literature IV Dubai in a Cornparatbe Corntext Saudi Arabia Qatar Brunei Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Introduction Dubai, a tiny, oil-exporting city-state located in the Persian Gulf, has recently undergone a remarkable transformation. As a member of a federation of small Arab, IslamicRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 Pageswellness sector caters to these individuals, many of whom often need time off from their day-to-day lives. There was a rapid increase in hotel and spa developments in 2009, including the opening of such venues as the Lotus Hotel Apartments and Spa in Dubai. These spas offer ayurvedic treatments from India, Thai and Swedish massage therapies, facials, detox treatments and other dermatological care. Reiki is a new form of treatment that has been gaining in popularity. A recent report by Ernst and YoungRead MoreResort Thesis6183 Words   |  25 PagesTRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE PULCHOWK CAMPUS A THESIS PROPOSAL ON DEISGNING RECREATIONAL TOURIST RESORT FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE COMPLETION OF BACHELORS DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE SUBMITTED TO: PROF. DR. SUDARSHAN RAJ TIWARI THESIS COORDINATOR SUBMITTED BY: BISHWODEV BHATTARAI 064/B.ARCH./208 DATE: DECEMBER 16, 2011 Thesis Proposal on Designing Recreational Tourist Resort TABLE OF CONTENT 1. BACKGROUND 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1 WHATRead MoreHr Department of Ptcl Zonal Office Islamabad10181 Words   |  41 Pages2010. ___________________________________ C O M S A T S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY       Page  2       DEDICATION I lovingly dedicate my this effort to my respected parents teachers because of there true sincere support I am able to achieve my goals dreams       Page  3       ACKNOWLEDGEMENT   Allah has said, Pray to me so that I will answer you All praise belongs to Allah. It is by the blessings of Allah that I have completed my Internship report and all difficult tasks have beenRead MoreA Project Study on ‚Äà ²Recruitment and Selection in Ims Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd‚Äà ´11571 Words   |  47 PagesImportance and scope 1. This projects will provide a value insight to student on the topic. 2. This project will help to get the practical knowledge in employee hiring in the organization. 3. The project will equip me for my future in H. R. M. Limitation 1. Organization did not disclose full information. 2. Data collected in this field are not sufficient. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY People form an integral part of the organization. The efficiencyRead MoreRecruitment and Selection Process of Insurance9958 Words   |  40 Pagesprovide some ways so as to make recruitment more effective and to reduce the cost of hiring an employee. I am privileged to be one of the students who got an opportunity to do my training with ICICI Prudential Life Insurance. My involvement in the project has been very challenging and has provided me a platform to leverage my potential in the most constructive way. ICICI Prudential Life insurance is one of Indias leading financial institutions offering complete financial solutions that encompassRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesaccording to time periods Motivation – Variations according to level of work experience Positive factors Positive factors – Variations according to gender Positive factors – Variations according to age Family support to entrepreneurs Family support – Variations according to region Family support – Variations according to family background Family support to ï ¬ rst generation entrepreneurs – Variations according to work experience Gender as a factor in entrepreneurship Sources of start-up phase funding SourcesRead MoreCompetitive Analysis of Face Wash and Fairness Products Company‘S Name: Ratan Ayurvedic Sansthan9850 Words   |  40 PagesGuidance Of Prof. Rahul Gupta Marketing Head, Kengeri Campus DECLARATION I, Dimple Jethwani, hereby declare that the project report titled â€Å"Comparative Analysis of face wash and Fairness products submitted as the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the achievement of the Master of Business Administration (Marketing), is my original project work and has been carried out under the guidance of Mr. Rahul Gupta (Professor), Christ University Institute of Management and company guide Mr. Deepak Soni

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Question: Discuss the basic apprehension regarding the Simultaneous Localization and mapping or SLAM. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this article is to discuss the basic apprehension regarding the Simultaneous Localization and mapping or SLAM. This article also delves into the extensive researches that have been performed on Simultaneous Localization and mapping over the decades since, the time it was first devised (Ahn, Doh and Chung, 2015). Simultaneous Localization and Mapping is the system by the implementation of which a mobile automatic vehicle or robot is made to create a map of the environment where that mobile automatic vehicle or robot is currently located, and computes its own location on the map that it is creating at the same time. A rapid and intense development in this particular field has been observed in the past decade along with numerous compelling implementations in the use of SLAM methods. SLAM an acronym for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping refers to a robotic mapping system. The SLAM is actually a computational algorithm used for updating or constructing a map of a location which is unknown to the user who is constructing the algorithm, aiming to keep track of the location of an agent within the map. This might seem as a problem that circulates on the same topic simultaneously, the fundamental purpose of SLAM technology is used widely mapping systems, where it is exclusively used to construct a map of an unknown location (Buck, 2014). For instance, if a group of researchers are exploring an unexplored area under the ocean, which might be too risky for them to approach directly; they deploy a probe i.e. a machine functioning on the principles of robotics, implement slam techniques in the robot/probe to explore the region which cannot be accessed by humans. In this example the robot/probe deployed by the group of researchers is the agent and the technology used fo r mapping the unknown location chosen for the exploration is SLAM or Simultaneous Localization and Mapping technique. The Purpose SLAM Serves The technique is to solve a problem by means of making use of several algorithms. These algorithms are exclusively designed for the purpose of solving a SLAM problem so that the technique can be used accordingly (Carmack, 2014). Although there is no certainty or guarantee that a certain use of the SLAM technique will result in meeting the expectations however, in is assured that a certain level of success can be achieved while implementing slam techniques in the exploration and mapping purposes. This is due to the fact that the algorithms that are used to work out the SLAM problems have been designed to utilize the available resources and when mapping unknown regions it is capable of making use of the existing resources and create a map according to the resources that were previously incorporated in it. Furthermore, in order to obtain the approximate results proper filters are required to be implemented in solving the SLAM problem. In such cases filters like the Kalman Filter and Par ticle filter are found to be very effective. Slam techniques and tested approaches are commonly used in domestic robots, unmanned airborne vehicles, auto functioning land vehicles, planetary rovers, self guiding underwater vehicles, and even exploration of the human body where most definitely no other means of exploration can be implemented (Corbett, n.d.). The fundamental question that arises from the SLAM problem is that whether it is possible for the automatic means that is being used for the purpose, to be actually placed at an anonymous location and in an anonymous atmosphere. Furthermore, it also delves into the possibilities that whether it would be actually possible for that automatic means to create map of the location and further, compute back its own location in the map which it was meant to create in the first place. The problem seems critical and the possibilities of success are limited (Crew, Phanavanh and Garcia-Borges, 2014). Therefore, in a situation like this the solution for this problem has been compared with the Holy Grail in the mobile robotics vista. Since, implementation of a technology like this would result in giving autonomous capabilities to a robot or any other automatic means or vehicles. Therefore, it would open the window for new possibilities in the field of science and technology if achieved. The solutions that were developed over the years to solve the problems relating to SLAM, has been one of the major breakthroughs in the field of technology in the past decade. The solution to the problem came from formulating the SLAM problem into a theoretical problem and then solving it in multiple forms so that; once the problem is deduced it would be unwise not to open access for multiple possibilities (Ferreira et al., 2013). After solving the SLAM problem, the approach was implemented in multiple domains to understand and analyze the end results that would come out from its implementation on robots, airborne and underwater systems before the concept could be used in the planetary rovers. Conceptually and theoretically, SLAM at present can be considered to be a problem whose solution has been discovered. Yet, some of the significant issues still persist. These issues persist in comprehending or finding more generic solutions for SLAM, which would especially be effective in perceiving the surrounding environment and creating better maps as a component of the algorithm it is responsible to. This would not only enhance the functionality of the object on which the SLAM has been implemented upon but also aid in the creation of better and detailed maps of the region aimed for the purpose (Gentile, 2013). The progress that the modern technology is making towards this concept has been seen in the Mars Rover Project. The Mars Rover Project concept was based on the concept of SLAM techniques and uses the theories and formulas that resulted in giving reality to the SLAM concept. However, the method of SLAM incorporated in the Mars Rover is different than the method used in domes tic and outdoor robots. The method of SLAM used in the Mars Rover is far superior and relies on the concept and theories mentioned at the start of this passage. A brief History about the SLAM problem The birth of the probability based SLAM problem happened in the year of 1986 at the IEEE Automation and Robotics symposium held in San Francisco. This was the period when the probability based methods were being used introduced in giving a conscience to the AI and robots. However, this period was just the beginning of the phase and the researchers associated with this vision were looking forward to apply theoretic estimation methods to solve localization and mapping predicaments. These group of researchers included Jim Crowley, Hugh Durrant Whyte and Peter Cheeseman (Havangi, 2015). The result of the symposium came out with the recognition given to the method or to better say to the concept of probabilistic localization and mapping. This was based on Durrant-Whyte, Cheeseman and Smiths statistical work on the manipulation of geometric uncertainty between landmarks and describing the relationship between. The key feature of this statistical work was to demonstrate the requirement for a high degree correlation to be present between that which was to be the estimated location of the various landmarks in the map. In addition, it required to be focused on in a regard that the correlations would develop with each successive and subsequent observations (He et al., 2013). During this period two other researchers dealing with the incorporation of probability based method in localization and mapping, Faugeras and Ayache had taken the responsibility in developing means that would provide visual navigation. Crowley with two other researchers Laumond and Chatila were concentrating on developing navigation systems for mobile robots that would incorporate sonar based approach by means of using Kalmans Filter and that sort of algorithms (Kim, 2012). Both the research groups and the research works they were engaged in were more or less engaged in similar sort of work. In this period Cheeseman, Durrant-Whyte and Smith had obtained a breakthrough with their new theory. This theory described that with every movement that the mobile robot makes in an unknown atmosphere, it will keep a track of its surrounding atmosphere. It will track and compute its observations of the surrounding landmarks along with its own location. The estimates of the landmarks were going to be precisely correlated since; the estimated vehicle location system had its errors. This suggestion that their theory offered was insightful (Kster, 2014). This would require a dependable and complete solution for the combined mapping and localization problem. Furthermore, this would require a joint status of the vehicle composing of its position and estimation of each of the landmark position, and this would be updated with the observation of each landmark the mobile robot will be passing through. This would apparently mean the robot will be computing its own position at a stipulated interval of time or on the basis of landmarks it came across. Moreover, it would require the one observing and noting down the estimates in the robots programming to make use of a massive state vector, which would include an order based on the numeric data representation on the landmarks which were being maintained in the particular map, complete with appropriate computing and scaling of the squares of the figure of landmarks (Milstein, 2012). Importantly enough this work did overlook the aspects of converging properties of the steady behavior of the map. At that point of time it was widely presumed that the errors consisting in the estimated map would less likely converge and instead showcase an error growth that was unbounded and random walk behavior. Therefore, provided with the complexity in the computing process regarding the predicament in the mapping process and the lack of knowledge regarding the converging behavior with the map, researchers now concentrated on finding approximations that would help them solve the constant predicament relating to mapping (Oh and Sim, 2014). This resulted or to better say forced the estimated correlations between the estimated landmarks to be eliminated or reduced depending the complexity as a result, reducing the entire filter to a series of landmarks that were decoupled to vehicle filters. In addition, as a consequence the theoretical exercise on the combined mapping and localizat ion problem came to a momentary halt, where mapping and localization were dealt in separately with the objective to find separate solutions for each of them. This however, did not render the research to a permanent halt only hindered its progress for the time being only (Rethi, 2016). It is apparent from the analysis on the history that the method dealt with an approach towards the problem which was of complex nature. Furthermore, the entire concept for the project was dealing with ascertaining the uncertain itself thus, it was bound to be hindered in some way or the other, and this was the momentary halt that the researchers of this project found themselves in. however, the conceptual advance came up when the researchers realized that the combination of localization and mapping problem that they were facing at the moment was the consequence had formulated from a single error in their estimation process, and it related to the earlier predicament of convergence (Rich, 2015). Importantly enough the researchers realized that the predicament was existing among the correlations of the landmarks. Most of the researchers had tried to solve this predicament but neglected the fact that this was the most crucial part. It was not late when the researchers realized the fact t hat the more the correlations sprung the better the solutions were to be discovered. This was the answer that the researchers were looking forth to obtain from the questions that arose from past errors, complexities and failures. In the year of 1995 the combined efforts of these researchers and the breakthrough that they had achieved in the field mapping and localization estimation was presented in the Mobile Robotic Survey Paper in that very years International Symposium on Robotics Research (Schz, 2012). It was this very moment that the term SLAM i.e. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping was coined along with its structure and a whole new theory relating to convergence was published. At present a number of researches are being carried on based on the essential principles of this theory and dynamics on the field of robotics. In these researches the exponential possibilities of the SLAM technique is being implemented upon. Testing the concept on domestic and surveillance bots are being carried out to learn the various probabilities and possibilities the concept is capable of unlocking (Sowter, Hale and Starr, 2013). Some of the instances of the successes that these researches have achieved over the past decades can be seen in the robots, unmanned airborne vehicles, auto functioning land vehicles, planetary rovers, self guiding underwater vehicles, and even exploration of the human body where most definitely no other means of exploration can be implemented. Critical analysis and appraisal The above sections dealt with the nature of the SLAM technique and the potential it has in the field of robotics, and using the robots for mapping and localization. The purpose of this section is to provide a critical analysis on the SLAM technique and appreciate the fact that it is indeed a major breakthrough that the 21st century observed. The orientation of the researchers when they had merely conceived the concept was to evaluate a means of estimation that will redefine exploration. Exploration back then was the only means through which the mapping and localization could be accomplished. With this conception in their minds they used mathematical probability and converted the probability into theoretical stratagem (Szewczyk, Zielin ski and Kaliczyn ska, n.d.). This conversion of mathematical formulae into a theoretical stratagem instilled in their minds a better understanding of actual matters that they had to deal with. With this comprehension on the goals they had to accomplish with the understanding they had perceived they set on to try implementing this understanding on different projects. The end results of the projects they had work on with this particular theory they were able to get a clear picture of what they would be required to do in order to give reality to their original concept. As already discussed in its brief history the more complex the nature of the analysis was the better the solutions the researchers could obtain. This indeed was a distinguishing aspect of the concept. Since, most the theories in the field of technology focused more on minimizing the growing complex in the implementation of various concepts. This particular concept need not require control in this aspect (Taibi, 2014). Furthermore, the basis of the concept was the inclusion of more and more estimations in the surroundings of its agents. The more variables in the end results demonstrated the higher success rate. In addition, the concept had just opened new boundaries for the extra-terrestrial exploration purposes. Researchers lost no time in capitalizing on this exposure, which in turn resulted in the development of the Mars rover project. This project focused on exploring the surface of the Mars which could not be accessed by normal means. This further required a method through which the probe or robot would be able to explore the surface of Mars and also compute its observation and location at the same time. However, the concept was implemented in the mars rover project that opened an all new possibility in this project (Williams et al., 2013). Apart from that the SLAM technique was being implemented on drones that would operate automatically or via remote guidance system. This research also gained success as the drone would operate automatically in the environment which has been selected for its flight course, and collect observation of its nearest landmarks and constantly compute its own location. The possibilities that the SLAM technique had just opened for the purpose of exploration, mapping and pinpointing localization were boundless. As, the operation of the concept required estimating the probabilities and variables that would greatly affect the possibilities of the end result, a few resources were required to carry out an operation based on this concept. Furthermore, the operations based on this concept did not necessarily require additional resources from the region chosen for the exploration, mapping and localization, researchers could just use the resources that they possessed in order to commence and carry out the operation (Williams and Canedy, 2012). However, there was and is still a drawback of the SLAM technique. It is that the technique is based on approximates and the results that are produced from the technique is based on approximates only. There is no assurance that the analysis could actually produce precise results. The concept of this technique is to prov ide an apprehension of the environment it is exploring and not a precise figure. Therefore, the results may vary upon further using mapping and localization technologies like using surveillance cameras. One of the prime need in which SLAM is used is that it has great efficiency when it comes to measurement. Measuring a certain distance between two points or the overall size of a certain region can be quite easily accomplished with the implementation of SLAM techniques. This procedure includes that the unmanned device or robot is set to cover a certain distance between two points, regardless of the way it has been directed to, the unmanned device or the robot will make the necessary observations around it and estimate the distance that it traversed during the operations. The most usual form that is used in measuring is the laser scanner like LIDAR. These type scanners incorporate laser in them and are far easy to use than most other means and offer accurate results (YUAN and ZHAO, 2011). Nevertheless, these are not known to be cheap therefore, widespread implementation of these scanners in measuring is not quite possible. Still, other options exist, e.g. the prototype that Crowley, a nd two of his fellow researchers worked upon used SONAR technology. This implementation of SONAR to the SLAM was found to be very effective and the end results were very promising. Furthermore, these technologies are far cheaper compared to laser scanners and can be afforded by researchers having small to moderate grants. In addition, using SONAR technology would help in mapping environments that are located underwater. Imaging devices can also be for mapping and localization purposes. These devices or optical readers as per their technical names are available in both 3d and 2d formats. The dependency of the measurement devices rely heavily on aspects like, preferences, variables, and availability and of course costs (Zikos and Petridis, 2014). One more key element in the SLAM method is acquiring the data on the subject of the environmental background of the unmanned vehicle or robot. Similar to that of a human being, the unmanned vehicle or the robot uses the landmarks in determining its locations by the use of sensors attached to it. Regardless of the device that is being used for the purpose the medium i.e. the unmanned vehicle or robot is capable of observing the data and compute it on a constant basis. The robot or the unmanned vehicle will be using different landmarks for the various environments it operates in. however, there are certain dispositions that are required to be kept in mind the technique has not developed to the fullest possible extent thus, the robot or the unmanned vehicle will only be capable of determining landmarks which are stationary. As already stated the technique and the algorithms have not developed to the fullest possible extent and so it will not be able to assess a landmark that is moving c onstantly. In addition, the landmarks in order to be estimated are required to be distinguishable and can be recognized from the regular environment. Lastly the landmarks should be dense and have the possibility of viewing it from a wide range of angles. Nevertheless, in recent researches it has been observed that SLAM with DATMO Detection and Tracking of Moving Objects is not only capable of operating in dynamic environments but also is fully capable of tracking and detailing the objects consisting the dynamic environment. The basis of the operating algorithm has been derived from the Bayesian formula, which provides the best possible apprehension on this particular subject matter. The SLAM technique deserves appraisal and it gained appraisal from the international robotics community, international technological gazettes and other communities concentrated on the science and technology field. It was the wide scope the technology had bestowed upon mankind that it deserved appreciation. For instance, this technique could be implemented in exploring and mapping the interior of a human or animal body. This was not possible and is not possible in the present times without injuring the subjects body. However, with the advancement of science and technology in the years to come this could used in exploring and mapping the interiors of organic bodies like the organisms consisting the biological world, including humans. For this purpose the technology needs to development minute robots or AI bots that would be minute enough to be inserted in the body without physically harming the body. Once inside the body the bots would be able to move inside the body constantly observi ng and computing the landmarks and it would be able compute its own location as well. This would provide the researchers with the knowledge of the points that the bots have explored and the current location of the bots. Moreover, as the Mars Rover is maneuvered on the surface of Mars, the researchers carrying out the instanced project would be able to maneuver the bots. Apart from these aspects that SLAM has achieved as mapping and localization estimating method, there are persisting problems in the computational complexity and data association that need to be resolved fully and comprehensively. For instance identifying multiple and confusing landmarks still persists to be a challenge for the researchers. However, a recent research acquired a significant breakthrough in the SLAM literature based on the feature of re-evaluation of probabilistic foundation for SLAM i.e. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping. In this breakthrough it demonstrated its efficiency in terms of multiple objects Bayesian method of filtering. This filtering method incorporated finite sets aimed at providing advanced performance to leading SLAM algorithms featuring challenging measurements for scenarios having greater false alarm rates and greater missed detection rates by means of minimizing the requirement for data association. Two of the accepted techniques or filters for ha ndling more than one object are Probability hypothesis density filter and the Joint Probabilistic Data Association. Joint Probabilistic data association filter or JPDAF is actually an extension of the probabilistic data association filter, which is responsible for the assumption that one of the many potent entrants to the track is the correct one. It consists of an approach based on statistical analysis and deals with the issues relating to plot associations in radar tracker. In this process all the potential entrants posed for the association to a track are amalgamated in a sole and positive statistical probable update taking into account the precise statistical distribution of the clutters and errors in the track. This further requires assuming that one among the multiple entrants is the target and rest of the entrants is merely false alarms. It is one of the effective SLAM techniques used for the purpose of visual tracking in the computer vision field. Recommendations The SLAM technique is undoubtedly having great potential in analyzing and mapping the sectors and environments which are out of the human reach. Therefore, the modern science and technology can benefit from this technology to great extent, if the innovators are prepared to build on it. The defense system of a country could be given new possibilities as this technique would offer them with the access to perform surveillances without attracting the attention of the enemies. In the earlier times surveillance systems incorporated photography and video capturing through aerial vehicles like jets and drones. In these scenarios the cameras were fixed to drones and the pilot had the access to remotely capture images from the cockpit. This led to many hassles and even loss of property and valuable lives. Therefore, incorporating advanced visual tracking systems available in the computer vision field would help in aiding such sort of surveillance systems. Useful realizations of probabilistic SLAM have turned out to be more and more remarkable in the recent years. Capable of covering larger regions in more difficult environments have become a whole lot easier with the due passage of time. Here discussions on two implementations that will represent the major successes and mention other notable applications have been provided. The explore and return" experiment carried out by Newman was a moderate-scale indoor implementation SLAM technique that validated the non-divergent features of EKF-SLAM, which returned back to the specifically marked commencing position. The end result of the experimentation was extraordinary because the return trip was completely autonomous. The robot had been driven manually at the time of the exploration phase, although it did not have any visual contact with the operator. The operator solely relied on a real-time rendering of the map that the robot had been drawing up as a consequence of its exploration. During its return trip, the robot by means of the data that it had computed earlier had drawn its very own path and returned to the point from which it had started its journey without any sort of human intervention. This research demonstrated the capability of the concept and the results it might bring when used in the medical research field. It has already been discussed in the critical analysis section however; it was not fully discussed as to how the bots that will be inserted inside the human interiors would be able to function. Therefore, the research study was introduced in this part to provide an apprehension on the real time analysis on the way the technique will be functioning. This technique if applied to the medical sciences would greatly benefit the people in the wider perspective. The technique would not only help the practitioners deduce the disorder but also they will be able to analyze the intense of the disorder. For instance, in case of a severe fracture if the technique is used the practitioners would be able to determine the extent of the fracture and take necessary steps for the treatment. This technique would also be a great help in underwater exploration. Similar to the aerial extra-terrestrial exploration this kind of mapping and localization has posed a lot of challenges over the years. Since the submarines and underwater vehicles have limited accessibility as a result of their large size using small robots would help greatly in gaining access to those spots where the access cannot be gained by using other vehicles. Conclusion The purpose of this essay was to present the SLAM technique involved in mapping and localizations purposes. This essay consisted of an introduction to the topic which particularly focused on elaborating the concept of SLAM. The introductory part dealt with the method by means of which SLAM technique operates and the purposes it is capable of serving. In the subsequent section an analysis is presented that deals with the brief history of the SLAM concept. It is in this section that an elaborate discussion is presented on the functioning of the SLAM technique and the factors that are directly related with its appropriate functioning. In the section subsequent this one critical analysis on the functioning of SLAM technique has been presented to offer an in-depth apprehension on the impact SLAM technology has made in the field of science and technology. This particular section of the essay also dealt with the purposes that the SLAM technique can serve with the advancement of Science and technology and lastly a few recommendations on the ways the technique can be implemented with the orientation to innovate and create better technological aspects. References Ahn, S., Doh, N. and Chung, W. (2015). ROBUST NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE GVG-BASED SLAM IN UNSTRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT.IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 38(1), pp.463-468. Buck, M. (2014). Air Nike Slam Dunk.Feminist Studies, 30(2), p.271. Carmack, H. (2014). Slam This: Understanding Language Choice and Delivery in Argument Using Slam Poetry.Communication Teacher, 23(1), pp.19-22. Corbett, B. (n.d.).The big slam. Crew, M., Phanavanh, B. and Garcia-Borges, C. (2014). Sequence and mRNA expression of nonclassical SLA class I genes SLA-7 and SLA-8.Immunogenetics, 56(2), pp.111-114. Ferreira, F., Veruggio, G., Caccia, M. and Bruzzone, G. (2014). Speeded Up Robust Features for vision-based underwater motion estimation and SLAM: comparison with correlation-based techniques.IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 42(18), pp.273-278. Gentile, C. (2013).Geolocation techniques. New York: Springer. Havangi, R. (2015). Robust SLAM: SLAM base on $$hbox {H}_{infty }$$ H square root unscented Kalman filter.Nonlinear Dynamics, 83(1-2), pp.767-779. He, B., Zhang, S., Yan, T., Zhang, T., Liang, Y. and Zhang, H. (2013). A Novel Combined SLAM Based on RBPF-SLAM and EIF-SLAM for Mobile System Sensing in a Large Scale Environment.Sensors, 11(12), pp.10197-10219. Kim, J. (2012).Advanced methods, techniques, and applications in modeling and simulation. Tokyo: Springer. Kster, V. (2014). First Science Slam in Karlsruhe.ChemViews. Milstein, A. (2012).Improved particle filter based localization and mapping techniques. Waterloo, Ont.: University of Waterloo. Oh, J. and Sim, K. (2014). Symmetrical model based SLAM : M-SLAM.Journal of Korean institute of intelligent systems, 20(4), pp.463-468. Rethi, B. (2016). SLAM/SLAM interactions inhibit CD40-induced production of inflammatory cytokines in monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Blood, 107(7), pp.2821-2829. Rich, J. (2015).SLAM. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Schz, P. (2012). Sermon Slam.Praktische Theologie, 46(1). Sowter, T., Hale, G. and Starr, N. (2013).Bridge. New York, NY: Tess Press. Szewczyk, R., Zielin ski, C. and Kaliczyn ska, M. (n.d.).Progress in automation, robotics and measuring techniques. Taibi, T. (2014).Design patterns formalization techniques. Hershey, PA: IGI Pub. Williams, B., Cummins, M., Neira, J., Newman, P., Reid, I. and Tards, J. (2013). A comparison of loop closing techniques in monocular SLAM.Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 57(12), pp.1188-1197. Williams, F. and Canedy, S. (2012).SLAM. Fort Monroe, Va.: Office of the Command Historian, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. YUAN, X. and ZHAO, C. (2011). 3D-SLAM Based on Point-plane Matching.ROBOT, 33(2), pp.215-221. Zikos, N. and Petridis, V. (2014). 6-DoF Low Dimensionality SLAM (L-SLAM).Journal of Intelligent Robotic Systems, 79(1), pp.55-72.

Informative Speech Outline Global Warming Essay Example

Informative Speech Outline Global Warming Essay Title: Global Warming Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about three issues of how global warming is affecting our weather, animals, and our future. Thesis: According to National Geographic Average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit around the world since 1880 and by 2050, rising temperatures could send more than a million of Earths land-dwelling plants and animals down the road to extinction. Introduction I. Open with Impact: Is the climate warming? The impacts of global warming will be felt across the globe. A. The effect of global warming driving animals into extinction B. A rise in the amount of extreme weather disasters C. The change it will cause to the earth in the future II. Connect with the Audience: Do you think Global Warming poses a threat to you? According to National Geographic Average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit around the world since 1880 and by 2050, rising temperatures could send more than a million of Earths land-dwelling plants and animals down the road to extinction. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech Outline Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech Outline Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech Outline Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer III. Credibility Statement: Studies of Global Warming have gained my interest within the past few years due to the extreme heat and natural disasters around the world. IV. Preview: Today I will be talking about the affect of Global Warming driving our animals in to extinction, a rise in the amount of extreme weather disasters around the world, and the change it will cause to the earth and our family’s future. Transition: Let’s begin with my first point – Body I. Main point: How the effects of Global Warming will drive our animals nto extinction, increase the amount of extreme weather disasters, and the change it will cause to our future. A. â€Å"Global Warming Fast Facts† (National Geographic News, June 2007) 1. Average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit around the world since 1880. 2. Arctic ice is rapidly disappearing, and the region may have its first completely ice-free summer by 2040 or earlier. 3. Wildfires,  heat waves, and  strong tropical storms, are also attributed in part to climate change. 4. In July of 2006 heat waves contributed to the deaths of at least 225 people in North America. 5. Warmer temperatures could increase the probability of drought 6. Warmer temperatures increase the energy of the climatic system and can lead to heavier rainfall in some areas. Signpost and transition: Now that you know what effects Global Warming is having on our weather I will be telling you about how it will affect our animals. II. Main Point: The reason for animal extinction is because our animals can’t adapt to rising climate changes. A. These are some of the facts (nrdc. org, 2008) 1. The predicted range of climate change by 2050 will place 15 to 35 percent of the 1,103 species studied at risk of extinction. 2. Increasing global temperatures are expected to disrupt ecosystems, pushing to extinction those species that cannot adapt. 3. Some polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes. B. Global Warming will drive our animals into extinction Signpost and transition: The final aspect of Global Warming that I will be talking about is the effect it will have on our future. III. Main Point: Our future is in for a drastic change from what we call normal today. A. Rising sea levels could flood many South Seas islands and swamp large parts of Southeast Asia. B. Researchers predict the earth’s temperature may rise to an additional 5 or up to a drastic 12 degrees Fahrenheit. C. Warmer water in the oceans pumps more energy into tropical storms, making them stronger and potentially more destructive. D. Greater evaporation, particularly during summer and fall, could exacerbate drought conditions and increase the risk of wildfires. Transition: Let’s review what we learned today about Global Warming Conclusion: I. Summarize: The world is in store for a major change. Rising temperatures are having major effects in several different areas and aspects of the world. An increase in more powerful tropical storms, wildfires, and rising water levels will change the world that we live in today. A. We should familiarize ourselves with what the effects of our everyday lives are having on our future. B. Are you contributing to the destruction of our future? C. Life as you know it will never be the same II. Close with impact: No matter how much you try to ignore Global Warming the earth as we know it is in a lot of trouble. Without change we are heading down a road of destruction. References NRDC. (2008, December 10) Wild Life. Retrieved July 20, 2011, http://www. nrdc. org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons1. asp National Geographics News (2007, June) Global Warming Fast Facts. Retrieved on July 20, 2011, http://news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming. html Koshland Science Museum (2011) Global warming facts and our future. Retrieved on July 20, 2011, http://www. koshland-science-museum. org/exhibitgcc/index. jsp

A Temperature Effect essays

A Temperature Effect essays Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up the rate of specific biological reactions. The first thing to notice in enzyme characteristics is that enzymes are almost all proteins, often globular proteins. They are long chains of amino acid units held together by peptide bonds. Enzymes are much more specific than simple catalysts. Numerous reactions occur within a cell and it is the enzymes job to assist by reducing the activation energy required to set a reaction going. The name enzyme was suggested in 1867 by a German physiologist Wilhelm Kuhne. It was later, in 1894, a German biochemist Emil Fischer found the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme action. (chem.wsu.edu 1) A catalyst is defined as a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed during the process. (chem.wsu.edu 2) In this experiment the purpose was to see if temperature has an effect on the activity of catalysts. METHODS Starting the experiment, a drop of the liver extract and a dropper of tap water were placed into four tubes. Number each tube 1A, 2A, 3A, and 4A for reference. Next, with different test tubes, place 1 dropper of hydrogen peroxide into each tube, labeling them 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B for reference. Corresponding tubes were placed together so both would be at the same temperature. In a cup of crushed ice, place tubes 1A and 1B into the cup. Tubes 2A and 2B place in the test tube rack at room temperature. In a beaker of water measuring 70 C, place tubes 3A and 3B. In a beaker of boiling water, tubes 4A and 4B were placed together. After each tube is in its designated place, let them sit for five minutes (enough time for the reactions to occur). After time has passed, place corresponding tubes into ...

To what extent do the provisions of the civil and criminal law ensure Essay

To what extent do the provisions of the civil and criminal law ensure that corporate bodies are held responsible for their harmful acts and omissions - Essay Example In doing so, the paper evaluates the degree to which the provisions of the civil and criminal law in the UK guarantee that corporate bodies can be held responsible for their harmful acts and omissions. Assigning responsibility for harm comes out as an important problem in both morality and law. The assertion that one is responsible for harm means that the individual can be blamed, punished, or required to pay compensation. In moral contexts (but not in all legal ones), an individual is responsible for a harm provided that the harm has a causal consequence of something that the individual has or omitted to do (Ashworth 2009, p.5). Legal exceptions to this general rule encompass corporations held liable for the harms inflicted by the companies’ employees or board of directors. Thus, companies, just like individuals, can be held responsible not only for the harmful consequence of their actions, but also for the harmful outcomes of their omissions (Fisse and Braithwaite 1993, p.2). Assigning professional responsibility for harm in instances of negligence frequently hinges on what is reasonable to expect from the members of any given profession. The liability of a company derives from the principle that comprehensive imposition of the criminal law against corporate offenders, where appropriate, delivers a deterrent effect, safeguards the public, and entrenches and reinforces ethical business practices. The prosecution of a company should not be identified as a replacement for the prosecution of criminally liable individuals such as officers, directors, employees, or shareholders (Wells 2001, p.160). The prosecution of such individuals avails a powerful deterrent against future corporate wrongdoing. Similarly, the consideration of prosecution of individuals should also feature deliberation of probable liability of the company where the

What is social justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is social justice - Essay Example These states, events and processes include our actions, beliefs and thinking (Gao, 96). The relation between an event A and another event B poses a philosophical problem when there is something between A and B that makes the relationship between them problematic. The mind and body have many features that are said to be responsible for our sense of problem because they interact causally. Rene Descartes held a long tradition in philosophy that the mind is a non-bodily entity (Gao 98). He described the mind as a soul or mental substance. When the mind is said to be a mental substance, it is not implied to be made up of a non-physical material. The term substance, in a traditional philosophical use, refers to a substance as an entity. The mental substances in the mind and body are non-material or non-physical objects that exist independently of a physical object like the body of a person (Cahn, 117). But how do such objects relate to physical objects? Determinism is the philosophical view that all events have a cause. It posits that all mental and physical states of affairs are the result of their causes and in a way have a scientific law. Determinism comes with various implications. For example, it does not believe in free will, miracles or chance about the occurrence of various phenomena. Determinists argue that the future event or past event can be calculated (Gao 106). A special form of determinism believes that some mental processes might not be caused even though physical processes are caused. According to them, choices involve mental processes, thus have no actual effects in the extreme world. For example, when one watches a movie twice, he/she doe not hope for a different outcome, but do so in the interest in the event. One of the scholars that held the determinist view was Isaac Newton. Newton challenged the phenomenon around him when he ventured into discovering the cause a fruit from the top of a tree. His determination to question the its

Texting While Driving Essay Example for Free

Texting While Driving Essay How many people text behind the wheel of their vehicle? Can we relate to the following story? Jaci Lemons* is driving down the street, headed to school. The 17 year old driver is texting another friend. As she looks down to read the incoming text, Jaci veers off to the right and crashes head-on into the back of a parked vehicle. She is taken to the hospital, but after brief examination by the attending ER doctor, Jaci is released. Thankfully, the only thing bruised is her pride, and her pocketbook. Missouri should make texting while driving illegal for all drivers, not just the drivers aged 21 and under. Missouri has passed a state law, on Aug. 28, 2009, that prohibits drivers 21 years of age or younger from sending or reading a text while driving. While that is a great start, it isnt enough. Drivers across the country have been seen in their vehicles doing all sorts of dangerous, weird, and downright strange things while driving. Watching a DVD movie (really), dressing, putting on makeup, eating, texting, etc; but texting is what is causing legislatures some concern here in Missouri. The problem is we spend so many hours behind the wheel that seemingly, we are driving on auto pilot. (Have you ever driven a while and then could not remember any of it?) Young people will be forced to at least keep their fingers off their keyboards while they drive,said Leanna Depue, director of Highway Safety or the Missouri Department of Transportation. The law is a small step toward counteracting some of the distracted driving that causes crashes in Missouri. And, according to a recent study by Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, texting while driving is the leading cause of traffic crashes in Missouri, as well as across the country. 80% of crashes involve driver distraction; mainly that texting is the number one thing that distracts motorists attention while driving. Half of all teen drivers say they text while driving. HALF. Its almost unthinkable to realize so many drivers dont have their eyes on the road. Couple that with the sobering fact that most cars on Americas roadways are traveling approximately 65 to 70 miles  per hour. According to the St. Louis Post Dispatch, statistics show that teenagers have the most problems texting while they are driving, probably because they text more than anyone else and send longer texts than their adult contemporaries. Some teens can very easily burn through a thousand minutes of texting in no time. Twenty-three other states, along with Missouri, have already made texting while driving illegal. While texting while driving a car should not be legal in any case, the law in Missouri allows drivers over the age of 21 to text while they are driving. Motorists in some states are allowed to use a cell phone while they drive, as long as its hands-free. Most states already have laws against talking on the cellphone and driving; however, what doesnt make any common sense at all is allowing those over the age of 21 to text and drive while banning those under 21 to do so. Take for instance, 38 year-old Donald Rios*. One afternoon, while traveling to another town, he was texting a co-worker about picking up some 4 by 6s for their job site. In the meantime, traffic was slowing because a farmer was burning his fields next to the interstate. Donald Rios looked up to see that traffic was nearly at a standstill, and he could not stop in time. He rear-ended the back of another vehicle, and in turn, a semi rear-ended him, causing his truck to cave in like an accordion. Subsequently, Rios lost his life in the accidentall because of his inattentiveness to the road ahead. Legislation encouraging laws which ban texting have also been encouraged at the federal level with proposals suggesting that any state who didnt ban texting could risk losing federal highway funding. Missouri is the 23rd state to ban texting while driving, but is 1 of 9 to single out a particular age group. The fine for texting while driving under Missouris new law is $200. Senator Ryan McKenna sponsored the bill. An insurance industry study has revealed that accidents increased in 3 of 4 states that has laws prohibiting texting while driving. The study, prepared by Highway Loss Data Institute, says it looked at accident statistics from insurance claims in four states that have made it illegal for motorists of any age to text while driving, as well as nine states with no, or limited  bans; in three states, accidents increased dramatically after the bans passed. Those were California, Louisiana and Minnesota . So, how does law enforcement actually catch you texting while driving? How can they tell if you were texting if you dont have the phone in plain view? Heres how: If your phone is destroyed in an accident, the phone company has a log of all texts and calls, which are also logged with the exact date and time. Phone companies keep a log of text histories just like a computer does of websites and pages. Please dont text (or do other distracted hazards) and drive. Your life, as well as others lives depends on it.

Structure of NTFS :: essays research papers

Structure of NTFS The NTFS file system is used in all critical Microsoft Windows systems. It is an advanced file system that makes it different from the UNIX file systems that the original TCT was designed for. This document gives a quick overview of NTFS and how it was implemented. The biggest difference is the use of Alternate Data Streams (ADS) when specifying a meta data structure. MFT The Master File Table (MFT) contains entries that describe all system files, user files, and directories. The MFT even contains an entry (#0) that describes the MFT itself, which is how we determine its current size. Other system files in the MFT include the Root Directory (#5), the cluster allocation map, Security Descriptors, and the journal. MFT ENTRIES Each MFT entry is given a number (similar to Inode numbers in UNIX). The user files and directories start at MFT #25. The MFT entry contains a list of attributes. Example attributes include "Standard Information" which stores data such as MAC times, "File Name" which stores the file or directories name(s), $DATA which stores the actual file content, or "Index Alloc" and "Index Root" which contain directory contents stored in a B-Tree. Each type of attribute is given a numerical value and more than one instance of a type can exist for a file. The "id" value for each attribute allows one to specify an instance. A given file can have more than one "$Data" attribute, which is a method that can be used to hide data from an investigator. To get a mapping of attribute type values to name, use the 'fsstat' command. It displays the contents of the $AttrDef system file. Each attribute has a header and a value and an attribute is either resident or non-resident. A resident attribute has both the header and the content value stored in the MFT entry. This only works for attributes with a small value (the file name for example). For larger attributes, the header is stored in the MFT entry and the content value is stored in Clusters in the data area. A Cluster in NTFS is the same as FAT, it is a consecutive group of sectors. If a file has too many different attributes, an "Attribute List" is used that stores the other attribute headers in additional MFT entries. FILES Files in NTFS typically have the following attributes: S.N. Attribute Description 1. $STANDARD_INFORMATION Contains MAC times, security ID, Owners ID, permissions in DOS format, and quota data.

Easy Jet

The  marketing audit  is a fundamental part of the marketing planning process. It is conducted not only at the beginning of the process, but also at a series of points during the implementation of the plan. The marketing audit considers both internal and external influences on marketing planning, as well as a review of the plan itself 1. Environmental Audict on Easy jet(the factors that can influnce the company) A)Five porter’s forces: *Threats from new entrants : When new airlines enter the market ,how they affect easy jet *Threats from subsititue products: more options to go to a destination such as buses,train.. ow these things affect easy jet *Bargaining power of suppliers: if plane manufacturer factories sell planes with a high price ,how this affect the easy jet’s finance *Bargaining power of buyers: for instance easy jet makes a contract with plane factories for 10 years with the fixed charge so the factory can’t increase the price during this time. Ba rgaining lets you buy products at a cheaper rate *Internal Rivalry: Internal competation ,easy jet fight against other airlines Threat of substitutes-this can be anything that can be a substitute to EasyJet or airline industry in general.For instance, another airline with even lower prices, consumers opting to use other modes of transport (trains for instance). When Heatrow was hit by that huge fog just before Christmas and no planes were flying, Eurostar trains were suddenly all booked. I would think, however, that for Easy Jet, there would be no big threat of substitutes. There is a threat of ever growing competition but this isn't the case of substitutes. Substitues are in other words ‘me too' products which are less likely to occur in airline industry or service industry then in FMCG. I think. Buyers-here you can list down any possible threats from buyers.This is where you look at the relationship between Easy Jet and its targeted consumers. How strong is Easy Jet brand? D o consumers believe in, and to, Easy Jet? Are they loyal to Easy Jet or do they switch to other airlines with no real or perceived risks? If yes, why? If not, why not? Do consumers have alternative to Easy Jet? If yes, and I would say they do, how does the relationship between Easy Jet and its consumers change? Who has greater leverage in this relationship, consumers or Easy Jet? Who is more dependable on whom, why and to what extent? Etc†¦ Ask as many questions as you can and you will get your answer.Talk to someone who has used Easy Jet services, ask them what they liked and disliked about it, would they use it again and why, how do they feel about Easy Jet, how did they decide to fly with Easy Jet, will they choose Easy Jet again B)Swot analysis: 4 main strenghts and the opposite ones are for weaknesses *Finance *Technology *HR Department *Reputation and image EasyJet Airline Company Limited: Strengths: * EasyJet is a leading provider of  low budget, no frills air travel  servicing many of the leading city destinations in the UK and across Europe, including Berlin, Amsterdam, Barcelona, and Prague. They offer a high quality service at competitive prices and offer a number of features including ticketless travel, internet booking and assisted travel services. * They have a  highly distinctive livery  on their fleet of aircraft making them easily recognisable and distinguishing them from their competitors. * They have a  user friendly website  which fully discloses the price breakdown of the passengers planned travel. Offering a full breakdown of the price plan prevents any hidden charges when the customer confirms there booking. EasyJet offers an online promotion alert which is e-mailed to existing customers and contact on the company’s database. * Recognised as a leading brand name in the UK travel industry. * As a market leader in an industry widely seen as a leading contributor to the green house effect and global warming, EasyJet actively embrace there environmental responsibilities and continue to keep these factors as a keep priority when developing their future strategies. * EasyJet operate a fast and efficient service with an average turnaround time of 30 minutes or below.This enables them to maintain a reliable and hassle free service to their passengers. * For the case study,planes and turnaround times means to take short time on departure,use of internet,financial position The easy brand is a well known brand across the UK and  some areas of Europe. It is knownfor ‘low cost for the masses’ which is implied by their orange culture. They want to paint the worldorange, implying that they want to provide goods and services at the lowest possible price. easyJeteasyJet only offers a single fare class. Its pricing strategy is to offer ‘value for money’ and this is  doneby keeping costs to a  minimum.Unit costs are kept  low by eliminating travel agents, maintaining highaircr aft utilisation, focusing on internet sales, eliminating unnecessary service frills, operating a fleet of  similar aircraft and establishing long-term agreements with suppliers. One of the key strengths of easyJet has been the utilisation of the internet. easyJet bookings over theinternet relate to  over 92% of total sales and  is expected to increase. They see themselves as  becomingthe first internet only airline. Strengths: †¢ Cheap tickets. †¢ A simple fare structure. †¢ Image, differentiation on price andbrand. †¢Commitment to customer service. †¢ Multi-base network. †¢ Strong corporate culture. †¢ Flexibility to change bookings on theinternet. †¢ Lower costs than the  established airlines Weaknesses: * Domestic air travel is an extremely competitive industry with  EasyJet’s main competitors being Jet2, BMI Baby, Ryan Air plus a host of smaller independent competitors. These external competitive forces can restrict and shape pricing policy on some of  EasyJet’s less profitable routes as they seek to compete with their competitors. * They do not offer a free food service on longer flights of 2 hours plus. asyJet has many weaknesses but the main include the lack of service,flexibility and  business focus making  the low-cost model  unappealing to  business travellers. Businesstravellers are not included within easyJet’s business model. Since September 11 business  travellersaccount for 50% of passengers and therefore should be a target for marketing and should be included inthe business model. This can be seen as a weakness for not targeting this segment. easyJet’s business model also relies on people flying more often. However, there is a limit as to howoften people fly.The growth is not infinitive, it is possible that the low-cost market will be saturated. Itwill come to a point when the low-cost airlines will not be able to stimulate any more demand fromlow prices . (CPRE: The Future Development of Air Transport in the UK, July 2003 Weaknesses: †¢ Pilots over 65 are not allowed to fly over  France, Italy and Portugal. †¢ No guaranteed departure. †¢ No unaccompanied children under age of 16. †¢ No autopilot. †¢ Lack of service, flexibility and business focusmake the low-cost model unappealing tobusiness travellers. †¢ Focus on price and convenience is reaching itslimit.Differentiation will be difficult. †¢ Due to quick success it is difficult to recruitand train new staff. †¢ No customer retention scheme Opportunities: * Possible opening of alternative routes to major cities in Europe. A key route could be from Dublin to the UK, as this has a large potential for travellers going to soccer matches in the UK plus new links into corporate flyers to and from the UK. * Offering of free refreshments on flights with a travel time of over two and a half hours. This would offer an extra perk and comfort to pass engers making their experience with EasyJet all the more comfortable and enjoyable. Updated versions of the fly on the wall documentaries would provide the brand with more coverage and publicity. The opportunities in the industry mainly come from the Eexpansion. On the 1st of  May 2004, 10 countries will be joining the  EU. Thus, the EU’s membership will be  expanded from 15to 25 countries. The new states include former members of the Eastern Block and smaller â€Å"island†states. (bized. ac. uk) These are Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,Poland and the Slovak Republic.Further EU expansion is expected in 2007 when Bulgaria andRomania are hoping to join the EU, while Turkey is now currently negotiating its membership. (europa. eu. int)The addition of more than 100 million people to the EU’s market of 370 million will present anopportunity for further growth  for the low-cost airline industry. easyJet has already annou nced its newroutes from Luton, Berlin and Dortmund airports to Budapest (Hungary) and from Stansted airport toLjubljana (Slovenia). (easyJet. com) Threats: * Competitors flying the same routes compete very competitively on price forcing pressure on margin on more popular flights and time slots. External market forces can have a significant impact on  EasyJet’s business, e. g. the rising cost of oil can have a significant impact on running costs putting significant pressure on the profitability of less popular routes and time slots. * Pressure from unions and employee relations committees can signifigantly impact on the day to day operations with strikes proving to be very costly to the company’s image. * Economic downturn may lead to a decrease in casual flyers and corporate travel as companies seek to curtail what they see as unnecessary expenditure and in turn make less business trips.   Financial Analysis Within the  low-cost/no-frills  airline industry in  the UK,Ryanair  is easyJet’s main  competitor. Inevaluating the  financial performance of  easyJet, it  is therefore useful to  compare its performance withthat  of Ryanair. For the purpose of  this  comparison, we will be making use of a  number of ratioswhose formulae follow that of FAME. The data used for this financial analysis are easyJet’s unauditedpreliminary results for their financial year ended 30 September 2003, which provided results for boththe year ending  30 September 2002 and  2003.Ryanair’s financial year-end however is 31  March 2004. Therefore in  order to obtain data that  would be directly comparable, it  was necessary to use data fromtheir half-year which ends 30 September 2002 and 2003, and to use figures taken from their financialyear end 31 March 2002 and 2003. This enabled us to obtain figures for a full 12 months ending 30September 2002 and 2003. For a quick overview of all ratios refer to Appendix 3 a nd details of allcalculations  are contained in  Appendix  4. All financial  reports were obtained from downloadsavailable onwww. easyjet. com  and  www. ryanair. com.The first numerical set of data to  be analysed is the Profit and Loss Account. This deals with therunning of the business, i. e. the amount of turnover, the cost of what has been sold, the expensesgenerated during the year and of course the profit that has been made, perhaps the figure that theshareholders are  most interested  in, but there  are other criteria that  could affect the profitability of thecompany PEST analysis for easyJet The following factors are likely to have an influence on the airline industry and should therefore be taken into account when formulating a Marketing Plan for easyJet.Politico-legal factors †¢ Threat of war in the Middle East †¢ The Air Miles scheme is not considered as a taxable perk by the government in the way that company cars are taxed which may cha nge to allow easyJet to compete on more equal grounds with the likes of BA. †¢ A EU east-enlargement may provide access to viable, new markets. Economic factors †¢ Likelihood of increasing fuel costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions, as well as the prospect of higher security and insurance costs to reflect the risk of terrorism. As the recession is likely to last for some more time, business travellers will keep an eye on their travel expenses. †¢ Globalisation should continue to boost traffic in the long-term. †¢ The introduction of the single currency in Europe is likely to bring more business to easyJet as Europe becomes more integrated. Socio-cultural factors †¢ To win over the French and German publics might cause problems as there appears still to be a general reluctance to use credit cards over the phone and Internet . †¢ The public are general quite friendly to the prospect of cheap flights.However they may feel begrudged where t hey see promotions found in newspapers where flight are for ? 10 only to find that the actual cost is much higher for the particular time or day they wish to fly on. Technological factors †¢ A key issue will be the extent to which technological advancements – such as the use of the Internet on distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation – can offset upward pressures on prices and costs. †¢ easyJet has to keep track of technological developments in the field of e-commerce and aircraft manufacture in order to gain a competitive advantage. CONTINUE..The business environment is a set of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors otherwise know as PESTLE analysis. These factors are not controlled by the business. Which means that businesses must adapt quickly as the environment changes. These macro factors have a positive or negative impact on the business. The political factor can be affected through tax policies a s Easyjet are charged with landing in different countries, employment laws, environment regulations, trade restrictions, tariffs and the government. The economic factor is forever changing with prices constantly fluctuating.For example oil prices increasing affects overall profits for the company which in return affects how much money Easyjet can invest on improving the airline or giving back to the communities. Baines, Phil and Page (2008a) explain firms are effected by environmental issues such as wage inflation, price inflation, gross domestic product and income sales and corporation taxes. From the social aspect this looks highly on safety of the airline and its staff and passengers. Which then attracts passengers to fly again after being ensured of safe and secure flights.To keep up in technology Easyjet must be internet dependant as flights are booked and checked via the internet. Therefore customers need to be satisfied with a quick and simple service. Easyjet also have a gre at career attitude which commits staff to be up to a excellent standard of service. Technology plays a huge factor within Easyjet as it has to rely hugely on the reliance of technology. Also as things improve technology becomes cheaper which means barriers to entry could be lower for competitors to join which could affect the profit of Easyjet. â€Å"Barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably.They seek to protect the monopoly power of existing firms in an industry and therefore maintain supernormal profits in the long run. Barriers to entry have the effect of making a market less contestableâ€Å". (Tutor2u n. d) To prevent this research and development expenditure can act as an obstruction to potential entrants to industry PEST analysis PEST analysis is chosen, to look at the possible business environmental impacts that may affect theindustry and easyJet. It can be used to infer a variety of trends, patterns and projections which willinfluence easyJet’s future strategic decisions (ACCA 2004).PEST analysis was chosen over SLEPTanalysis as we found it difficult to differentiate between legal and political factors. The legal issubsumed into political. Consideration will be made to the political, economic, social and technologicalenvironments that may affect the industry and easyJet in the future. Political Environment The industry and easyJet must react to any regulations that are imposed by the political party and thecorporate governance code. The EU compensation ruling that will take affect in 2005 is currently beingchallenged by easyJet as well as other airlines.If this challenge is unsuccessful then it would meanincreases, in  legal battles, compensation payouts and  overall increases in costs. As  a result, fare  prices easyJetwill increase and demand will fall. This would make  it very difficult to see  the future for the  low-costindustry. Expansion of the UK airport system will play a major role in the future of the airlines growth model. Stansted is expected to have one additional runway and terminal, increasing UK air traffic growth to402 million by 2020, 501 million passengers by 2030 (Mintel report 2003).The government are seeingthe benefits that the aviation industry can bring to the country. The question that remains to beanswered is, for how long are the government willing to help the growth of the industry before theystart to intervene? Any intervention from the government is likely to be costly in the future to theindustry. Economic Environment The government may decide to impose taxes on  the industry. A possible introduction of  a ‘Green tax’,a tax on fuel to try and reduce the pollution that it causes, would increase the costs and as a result couldraise easyJet’s fares by more than 20% (Financial Times, 1 stNovember 2003). Also the ? 6 billionworth of subsidies that is currently received from the government may be reduced ov er time to limit thegrowth of the industry. The growth of the industry may need to be controlled to keep pollution to aminimum. As subsidies decrease there will be  an adverse affect on  fare prices causing demand to fall. This will also affect the business model as it would need to be revisited. The recent rises in the UK interest rate, which currently stand at 4%, has increased the public’sliabilities.People have less disposable income and as a result are less likely to travel abroad. Theincreases will also affect easyJets’s loan repayments on its new order of aircrafts. At present, paymentsrelating to  the purchase are not  included in the hedging  policy and therefore will affect the liabilities of  easyJet. Social and Cultural  environment The UK population as a whole are aging, people are living longer. The number of people between theage of 25 and 34 has been decreasing but the age group between 55 and 64 are expected to increasefrom 2005 (Mintel r eport 2003).The older age group tends to have more disposable income (SAGAholidays target this group) and therefore should be targeted more by easyJet. Saying this, younger  people who have less disposable income are now starting to go abroad for their holidays. This meansthat the airline industry is attracting more potential passengers because of their low fares. Technological  environment easyJeteasyJet’s use of the internet needs to be enhanced, they are aiming to become the first ‘web-only’airline.Currently 92% of their tickets are sold online and improving this figure will bring cost savingwhich in turn could  be passed on  to the consumers. This will make easyJet more competitive on price. easyJet will need to  keep track of  technical developments in e-commerce and  aircraft manufacturing inorder to compete against its rivals 2. 7ps Marketing Mix of Easyjet Product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Easy Jet is a flight booking company located at London. The  ben efits  of Easy Jet being online and on teletext means that they are providing better margins; this is where they are dedicated to customers digitally.Place  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Not solely online but majority of sales are online so Easy Jet will concentrate on this target market. Today, technology allows us to sell more goods to fewer people, which is far more efficient than selling fewer goods to more people. This is confirmed by Peppers and Rodgers in their Marketing concept. Peppers an advertising executive and Rogers a marketing scholar, their concepts addressed â€Å"one to one marketing†and how it concentrates on providing services or products to one customer at a time. This is by identifying and then meeting their individual needs.It then aims to repeat this many times with each customer, this is so consumers feel relationships are in place when perhaps they are forged. Price  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ With Easy Jet being on the internet for such a long period it means it has cut out aspects such as â€Å"the post†, this is because tickets and boarding passes are now emailed to customers or printable online, therefore â€Å"cutting out the middle man†. Promotion  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Easy jet’s website is offered through search engines and travel/flight comparison websites, this is both advertising and selling their service.They also send members emails with promotional offers. Physical Evidence  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Although Easy Jet is based mainly online now, Easy Jet are still booked through travel agents or in the airport itself. Physically offline Easy Jet have recently in the previous few months been advertising in Sainsbury’s stores by staff (uniformed Easy Jet T-shirts), advertising there new partnership. Physical evidence online differs, they have aspects such as â€Å"security icon† and policies in place which gives consumers a sense of security when booking online.People  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ On Easy Jet’s website they have sections, such as blo gs, FAQ’s and a whole section dedicated to customer service to try and give consumers a sense that even though they are online they still have some form of contact to Easy Jet. Process  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ As mentioned above Easy Jet integrates online and offline by having customer service in the airport and online. CASE STUDY Product: Easy jet is an low cost budget airline as well as no frill. The easy brand has been extended to other products. There are now easyinternet cafes,easycar,easymoney and new easycruise products.Price: There 3 types of pricing which are Premium Pricing this is for specific segment of people for example apple targets for certain people. Low cost pricing which is for easyjet,targeting low cost price and low income people. Psycological pricing,99p instead of 1pound They use a low cost price to be competitive Place: It means Distrubition . Distrubition has manufacturer,agents,wholesalers,retailers,consumers. The more distrubition you have ,the more expensive yo ur products will be. easy jet has manufacturers and directly deals with consumers so they save money. lmost 90 percent of tickets are sold through the internet for the 10 percent agents sell so they sometimes deals with agents too. Promotion : internet People : Paperless opeartions since its launch easyjet have simplified its working practices by embracing the concept of the paperless office. they do everything online rather than people going to branches and taling face to face ,everthing can be done online so easyjet saves money for hiring less people Process : Ticketless travel passengers,instead receive an email containing their travel details and confirmation number when they book online. his helps reduce significantly the costs of issuing,distrubuting,processing and reconciling millions of tickets each year Physical Evidence: it means beauty,new planes ,comfort flights†¦ Each boeing is new 737 aircraft and has a list price in the region of 35million gbp. Therefore maximisi ng utilisation of each aircraft reduces the unit cost NOTES FROM THE CASE STUDIES MARKETING:The mutual satisfactions of both suppliers and customers. The method is the process of shaping and managing the marketing mix in a way which takes into considerition the needs of the customer and the goals of the organisation at one and the same time.Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from organisation to their customers. Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as; The management process which identifies ,anticipates and satisfies customer requirements effciently and profitably Professor Philip Kotler 1999 states;Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups get what they need and want through creating,offering and exchanging products of value with others. People don’t only buy what they want to ,they buy them because of the value of products they require.Marketing is concerned with cu stomers ,they are the main element in marketing not quality or products. If customers are demanding for new products features,marketing department will have to communicate these requirements to the production department to make provision for new processes and new machinery. On the other hand if the customer change their pattern of shopping or seek more information regarding the safe us of product ,the company may have to recruit new marketing executives to match up to the demand. )Using technology on easyjet One of the most important developments in the UK travel industry in the last 15 years is the growth of the ‘budget’ or ‘no frills’ airlines, easyJet and Ryanair. Both of these airlines were launched when new regulations made it easier to operate between countries within Europe and both used new technology and other methods to sell seats, rather than through traditional high street travel agents.The growth of both companies has been exceptional and the a irlines have used similar approaches in their ‘business models’ * Use of the Internet to reduce distribution costs – easyJet was one of the first airlines to see the opportunity of the Internet when it sold its first seat online in April 1998. Now approximately 95 % of all seats are sold over the internet. * Maximise the time the aircraft is being used – For both Ryanair and easyJet maximising the use of each aircraft reduces the overall cost of running the aircraft. Ticketless travel – Passengers receive an email containing their travel details and booking reference when they book online, rather than a traditional ticket. This helps to reduce significantly the cost of issuing and processing millions of tickets each year. * ‘No free lunch’ – Not offering free catering on-board reduces cost. Passengers can purchase food on-board if they choose to. * Free seating – Unlike traditional airlines, Ryanair and easyJet passengers are not assigned a seat, unless they pay extra to board first.This helps passengers to take their seats more quickly and saves time. * Efficient use of airports – By reducing turnarounds (the time between landing and take-off) to 30 minutes and below, easyJet and Ryanair maximise the use of their aircraft. Not having pre-assigned seating, like traditional airlines, helps reduce turnaround times. * Reduced fares – generally Ryanair and easyJet offer cheaper fares than traditional airlines, especilally for passengers who can book early and take advantage of the deals available. Easy Jet MANAGEMENT 100 800 WORD SUMMARY 836 WORDS EXCLUDING REFERENCES EasyJet EasyJet Airline Company Limited headquartered at London Luton Airport is the UK’s largest budget airline measured by number of passengers carried, operating domestic and international scheduled services. Easy Jet has grown through a combination of acquisitions and base openings fuelled by consumer demand for low-cost air travel. Ryanair another budget airline is currently Easyjet’s biggest competition. EasyJet has adapted cost-cutting measures such as not selling connecting flights or providing complimentary snacks on board.The key points of this business model are high aircraft utilisation, quick turnaround times, charging for extras and keeping operating costs low however EasyJet flies mainly to primary airports. EasyJet also focuses on attracting business passengers by offering convenient services such as the â€Å"Flexi fare† which allows free of charge changes to the flight within a windo w, speedy boarding and a checked in bag. General environment – International dimension According to Samson and Daft (2009), general environment is ‘layer of environment that affects the organization indirectly’. It includes external factors that are not within an organization.One of the dimensions, international dimension is referring to factors that arise from foreign countries that will affect an organization. Factor that will either be an opportunity or threat to an organization will include having to encounter competition globally. An organization will have to face international competitors where it trade on its own even though not involve in exports and operates domestically. Besides, it would be essential to learn to adapt to the changes and trend circulating around the world as technology advances as time passes and political events such as Iraq war.Apart from that, rise of economic power of China has a significant impact on the international economy due t o the massive workforce, brainpower, population dynamics and abundant natural resources that many countries rely on. The always changing worldwide environment has very large impact on organization compared to domestic environment, demanding for great control of the organization. What is a competitive advantage A competitive advantage could be defined as a unique position a firm develops in comparison with its competitors (Hyvonen 1995, 334).It is imperative for firms to understand what it’s competitive advantage is and take advantage of them as it can change rapidly (Anthony, Perrewe, Kacmar, 1996, p. 468). One of the ways to create a competitive advantage could be, through lower prices or differentiation (Woodruff 1997, 139). Lower prices is a competitive advantage when a firm is able to sell their product cheaply to consumers. Lower prices may be dependent on lower costs, however lower cost itself is not a competitive advantage as it should come along with lower prices for the advantage to be formed (Kotha, Vadlamani 1995, 76).Differentiation can be achieved through, providing superior goods and services, through the firm’s image, flexibility, total supplies and speed (Kotha, Vadlamani, 1995, p. 76; Sashi, Stern, 1995, p. 126; Helms, Ettkin, 2000, p. 1) Easy jet as a buget airlines has set its competitive advantage through lower prices. How The International Dimension Impacts Easy Jet’s Competitive Advantage There are many ways in which the International Dimension has affected Easy Jet’s Competitive Advantage. After the 9/11 attacks the airline industry suffered extensively. Passengers opted to use less of the big airlines.This allowed Easy Jet to be more successful as passengers were choosing their services over the big Airlines in Europe. When the number of people who used Easy Jet’s services increased it would have allowed the airlines to spread their fixed costs, which in turn reduces overall expenses and meant that the y were in a position to lower their prices thus impacting their competitive advantage in a positively contributing to the overall success of Easy Jet. (Easy Jets Market Structure 2012) Another factor in the International dimension that affects Easy Jet’s competitive advantage as that EU had ruled an ‘Open Skies’ agreement which meant that Easy Jet was given the choice to serve flight paths that may have been normally associated with some specific airlines. This allowed them to choose the routes that they preferred allowing them to choose routes that gave them the most benefits. (Easy Jets Market Structure 2012) Easy jet is also influenced by rising fuel prices. Increased fuel prices meant that the entire airline industry around the globe and Europe had raised their prices.However, increasing fuel prices meant that even Easy Jet had to raise the price, and this does not work well with their low cost, low price strategy. Therefore there is a negative and positive e ffect by the rise of fuel prices (Topham 2012) Conclusion In conclusion, the international dimension of the general environment represents event originating in foreign countries as well as opportunities for Easy Jet in other countries. International dimension affects competitive advantage in various way. Easy Jet has proved to be robust and competitive in a tough general environment.This is due to its large competitive advantages, which is its low cost prices. 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